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C H A P T E R 4



Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) German
	Franz Liszt Hungarian (1859-1865)
Fr�d�ric Chopin Polish (1810-1849)
	Chopin 1849

Henry Purcell (1659 - 1695)
	Scott Joplin American (1867�1917)
RAGTIME
Charlie Parker American (1920-1955)


Arturia - Moog Modular V
	MINIMOOG
	ARP 2600

Virtual Instruments:

A virtual instrument, also known as a softsynth or software synthesizer, is a computer program for digital audio generation. Computer software which can create sounds or music is not new, but advances in processing speed are allowing softsynths to accomplish the same tasks as dedicated hardware. Softsynths can be cheaper and more portable than dedicated hardware, and easier to interface with other music software such as sequencers and recording studios.

The great analog synthesizers of the past have been converted into powerful software - virtual music instruments. They have the same flexibility, sound, and controls as the original synthesizers. Learn more at: www.arturia.com

The Minimoog:

The Minimoog is a monophonic analog synthesizer - invented by Bill Hemsath and Robert Moog. It was released in 1971 by the original Moog Music, and it was among the first widely available, portable, and relatively affordable synthesizers. It is often referred to as the Stradivarius or analog synthesizers because it has a unique fat warm sound. To this day nobody know the secret of its sound.

The PlayStation:

You create music using your PlayStation - or other game system. Software to use is the MTV Music Station. It turns your PlayStation into an amazing 24 track recording studio. You can purchase the software used for $5 - $10.00.

Nintendo DS:

You can also create amazing music using your Nintendo DS

Live performance (Electroplankton + KORG DS-10)

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC | NOTES | PLAY ZE
4 ways sound affects us

FORMS OF MUSIC: (p 120)

MASS:

A choral (Vocal) work with 6 parts relating to a church mass: I Kyrie, II Gloria, III Credo, IV Sanctus, V Benedictus, and VI Agnus Dei.

Mozart's Great Mass in C Minor- Kyrie

CANTATA:
Baroque, usually a choral work, with one or more soloists.

Halo 3: Cantata #147 by J. S. Bach

A Cantata has several movements, and served as a mass. It's usually a choral work with one or more soloist and instrumental ensemble.
See P 120

ORATORIO:
Large baroque work with chorus, symphony, and vocal soloists.

John Debney - The Passion Of the Christ Oratorio

FUGUE:
Starts with a single thematic voice that is repeated in different lines �counterpoint / polyphony ( a type of texture)

Bach's "Little" Fugue in G minor

Bach's Wedge Fugue BWV 548 in E Minor - Zacharias Hildebrandt

Bach Fugue BWV 891 - Glenn Gould

Starts with a single melody - the main theme. Then the theme is woven throughout different overlapping melodic lines; this is called polyphony and counterpoint - a type of texture (see page 127).

Polyphonic also refers to instruments that can play more than one note at a time. The Minimoog and ARP 2600 were both monophonic analog electronic instruments - see above. Monophony refers to a single melody without accompaniment. This is also a type of texture (see page 127). See elements of music.

Homophonic texture occurs when chords (harmony) accompany a single melody.

SONATA: The sonata form has three sections: Exposition (where themes and ideas are introduced), the Development (develops the ideas), and the Recapitulation (restates the Exposition, and makes minor changes to it).

Ludwig Van Beethoven - Sonata No. 14 Opus 27 No. 2 "Moonlight" (mov. 1) - Andr� Watts

SYMPHONY:
A 30-minute orchestral work. Opening movement is in the sonata form. See Sonata above.

The Rite of Spring

Salonen/LA Phil (I)

The Rite of Spring (1912), commonly referred to by its original French title, Le Sacre du Printemps, is a ballet with music by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. The original choreography was by Vaslav Nijinsky, and set design and costumes by painter Nicholas Roerich. The painter Nikolai Roerich first conceived the idea for the ballet although Stravinsky claimed it as his own. The ballet is a fantasy vision of pagan ritual with a young girl dancing herself to death; "... the wise elders are seated in a circle and are observing the dance before death of the girl whom they are offering as a sacrifice to the god of Spring in order to gain his benevolence," said Stravinsky.

The music is one of the most influential and reproduced compositions in history. Its innovative complex rhythmic structures, timbres, and use of dissonance caused a riot at its premier on May 29, 1913 at the Th��tre des Champs-�lys�es in Paris. At the start with the opening bassoon solo, the audience began to boo loudly due to the slight discord in the background notes behind the bassoon's opening melody. There were loud arguments between supporters and opponents of the work. These were soon followed by shouts and fistfights. The unrest in the audience degenerated into a riot. The Paris police arrived by intermission, but they restored only limited order. Chaos reigned for the remainder of the performance, and Stravinsky fled the theater - reportedly crying. Composer Camille Saint-Sa�ns stormed out of the premi�re infuriated over the misuse of the bassoon.

Composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein, in his Six Talks at Harvard, said of one passage, �That page is sixty years old, but it�s never been topped for sophisticated handling of primitive rhythms��, and of the work as a whole, �� it�s also got the best dissonances anyone ever thought up, and the best asymmetries and polytonalities and polyrhythms and whatever else you care to name.�

Radiolab:

What is music? How does it work?
Musical Language
Hear EMI's compositions
Pop Music

Why do some songs mercilessly stick in our heads?

CONCERTO:

Orchestra an instrument soloist. Three movements: fast, slow, and fast. About 30 minutes.

Vladimir Horowitz
Piano Concerto #3 part 1 by Rachmaninoff

PART 1

PART 2
PART 3

ETUDE:

An �tude, from the French word to study, is a composition of technical difficulty. The purpose of an etude is to perfect some technical skill at the instrument.

Nobuyuki Tsujii plays Chopin Twelve Etudes

Nobuyuki Tsujii plays Liszt Paganini Etude No 3-2009

Andre Watts plays Liszt Transcendental Etude no.10

Andre Watts plays Chopin Etude op.25 no.1 & "Revolutionary" Etude

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC (P121)

Elements of Music Presentation

The Sense of Hearing

1. SOUND: (Synthesizer Modules)

a. PITCH (Tone) � measures in vibrations per second. Low pitches are slow frequencies, and require longer and larger instruments. Keyboard picture p122. Octaves, Whole/Half Steps

Blue Man Group

b. DYNAMICS & VOLUME

The size of sound waves. See p124 chart pp, p, mp etc�

c. Timbre / Color �

Timbre is what distinguishes one sound from another. You know your friend's voice because it has a distinct timbre. The sound of a guitar is different from a piano.

The picture to the right demonstrates the oscillation of a spring. This is an example of a sine wave.

REACT TABLE

The picture below shows what the different sound waves look like. They are: sine, pulse, triangle, and saw-tooth. Each has a unique timbre. By mixing them together, synthesizers can create complex warm sounding timbres.

examples:

Listen to these performances of Dominic Miller and Pat Metheny - Shape of My Heart. Each guitar has a different timbre.

Listen to these performances of Goodbye Pork Pie Hat by Chares Mingus. Each solo instrument has a different timbre - or sound quality.

Jeff Beck - Goodbye Pork Pie Hat

Jonas Hellborg and John McLaughlin - Goodbye Pork Pie Hat

Antonis Andreou, Trombone

Dave Holland - Good By Porkpie Hat

d. Duration �
Length of notes or silences. See chart p124.

John Cage - 4'33"
John Cage - About Silence

2. RHYTHM:

a. BEAT -

b. METER � Cluster of beats with accents.

- Double Meter � 2 beats to measure: 12 12 12

- Triple Meter � 3 beats to measure: 12 3 12 3 12 3

- Quadruple Meter - 4 beats to measure: 12 3 4 12 3 4 or weaker second accent

- Syncopation � Accent on unusual beats. (See p 124-145)

c. TEMPO - Speed. ♪ = 60 means 60 quarter notes per minute. See chart p125 allegro etc.

The first two measures of Mozart's Sonata K. 331, which indicates the tempo as "Andante grazioso" and a modern editor's metronome marking: "♪ = 120".

3. MELODY -

Melody is the part of music you sing - and most easily remember. It's a succession of notes that form a musical idea. In conjunct melodies the notes are close together. Disjunct melodies have notes that are 2 or more steps apart.

Example: Mozart - Twinkle Twinkle Little Star K.265
12 Variationen �ber ein franz�sisches Lied "Ah, vous dirai-je, maman"

Fazil Say Piano

Mozart's music can sound like ragtime because Scott Joplin was inspired by his music. Listen:

Adam Fulara - Mapple Leaf Rag - By Scott Joplin

4. HARMONY � 2 or more simultaneous notes. 2 is an interval. 3 or more is a chord. Consonant and dissonant.

6. TEXTURE & SONORITY �

Large intervals � open/thin texture. Smaller � closed/tight/thick (Sheets with 200 � 600 thread count)

example:

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685�1750)

German composer, keyboardist, and violist.

Sarabande by Yo-Yo Ma

a. Monophony � single line; there can be many of the same notes � not to be confused with monophonic instruments (melody).

b. Polyphony � 2 or more melodies (counterpoint) � not to be confused with polyphonic instruments (harmony).

c. Homophonic � Chords accompanying one melody.

5. TONALITY

The C Major Scale consists of all white keys from C to C.

The A Minor Scale consists of all white keys from A to A. (See slides.)

Equal Temperament and the Well Tempered Clavier by Bach

Pentatonic Scale

A pentatonic scale uses five notes per octave. Penta is Greek for five. Playing only the black notes of a keyboard is a pentatonic scale. A pentatonic scale starting on C is: C, D, E, G, A. The notes always sound good when played together.

OTHER IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

CONTRAST:

JS Bach - 2 Part Invention #8 in F Major

OPERA

Andrea Bocelli
Con te Partiro | Nessun Dorma

"O Sole Mio" The Three Tenors: The Spanish Tenor Pl�cido Domingo, the Spanish / Mexican Tenor Jos� Carreras, and the Italian Tenor Luciano Pavarotti.

GRAND OPERA (serious, tragic, and heroic):

Rossini Guillaume

OPERA COMIQUE:

Op�ra comique is a French genre of opera. It contains spoken dialogue, and recitatives (Sung Dialogue). It is, despite its name, not necessarily comic or light in nature. Carmen, likely the most famous op�ra comique, is a tragedy. It's sometimes confused with the Italian opera buffa (op�ra bouffon). Carmen started as opera comique, and was later made into grand opera.

Oedipus Rex Ozawa - Julie Taymor Director

| 2 |

Bizet's - Carmen (Opera Comique)

Maria Ewing plays Carmen, and Barry McCauley is Don Jose. The London Philharmonic conducted by Bernard Haitink.

Characters:

Carmen: she works at a cigarette factory. Controversy: first time a woman was portrayed smoking. She has no morals.

Don Jose: A soldier, falls in love with Carmen, and goes awal (Absent Without Authorized Leave). In the end he kills her at the bull ring.

Escomillo: A brave heroic bullfighter (Aristotle on bravery). Carmen leaves Don Jose for him.

Carmen the Final Scene - Migenes Domingo (Rosi Film)

OPERA BUFFA (comical):

The Marriage of Figaro on Guitar

Rossini's Barber of Seville

Final scene of Don Giovanni from Amadeus

Mozart entered the work into his catalogue as an "opera buffa"although the opera blends comedy, melodrama, and supernatural elements. Dramma giocoso is a term that denotes a mixing of serious and comic action.

Movie Amadeus - Scene Die Enfuhrung Aus Dem Serail

Shortly after Mozart arrived in Vienna, the emperor commissioned him to compose the opera: The Abduction From The Seraglio. The leading soprano was Salieri's mistress Caterina Cavalieri.

OPERETTA:

Jacques Offenbach (1819�1880) was a composer and cellist of the Romantic era. He was of the originators of the operetta form. Examples of his work include: Orpheus in the Underworld, The Tales of Hoffmann.

Offenbach - la Belle H�l�ne

Tenor Michael Cousins sings - O Mont Ida

Offenbach - Les Contes d'Hoffmann (Opus Arte)

JUST FOR FUN

ZeFrank Games:
Sequencer
snm#1
web noise

MUSIC APPRECIATION

Terry Riley � In C Remixed � CD Trailer
Radio Lab on In C Remixes

In C is the first minimalist musical composition. It inspired the music of Philip Glass, trance, techno, and scores of others. It was first performed in 1967 by an ensemble from the State University of New York at Buffalo.

It consists of 53 short numbered musical phrases - that are played in order, but they are repeated any number of times. Musician can play any phrase they want. A metronome like pulse is created by one musician playing repeated octaves of C. They is no set duration or number of musicians.

Zoe Keating - The Legions | Tetrishead | Escape Artist

VITAS

Ave Maria | Lucia Di Lammermoorr (il dolce suono)

KOMUSO - PRIEST OF NOTHINGNESS:

Playing Shakuhachi Flute

MIYATA KOHACHIRO:

Honshirabe (Japanese Shakuhachi Flute with Kimono patterns)

JILL SCOTT:

A Long Walk | Hate On Me

The Fact Is | Summertime

BOBBY MCFERRIN:

Improvisation with Richard Bona | With Chick Corea

JOHN MAYER:
Daughters | Gravity | Belief

CARLOS SANTANA:

Maria Maria | Oye Como Va | Smooth

Coraz�n Espinado | Woodstock 1969

John Lee Hooker:
The Healer HQ | Chill Out

MILES DAVES:

Miles Davis Story | Bitches Brew | Coltrane - So What

JOHN COLTRANE
My Favorite Things

ART BLAKEY
Dat Dere

KEITH JARRETT:
Koln Concert | Radiance

JEFF BECK:

Nadia | Cause We've Ended as Lovers

Goodbye Pork Pie Hat |

Jean-Luc Ponty - Mirage | Cosmic Messenger

Jean-Luc Ponty violin, Allan Zavod keyboards, Jamie Glaser guitar, Rayford Griffin drums, Keith Jones on bass

Mahavishnu Orchestra:

Lotus Feet Acoustic | Lotus Feet Electronic

Flamenco Guitar Barcelona

Al Di Meola - Libertango

Beatbox

Gipsy Kings - Bamboleo

PNiccolo Paganini - Caprice XVI
Performed by Alexander Markov
Niccolo Paganini - Documentary

RAVEL - IMPRESSIONISTIC MUSIC

Maurice Ravel (1875 � 1937) was a French composer and pianist of Impressionist music. Ravel's piano compositions, such as Jeux d'eau, Miroirs, and Gaspard de la Nuit, demand considerable virtuosity from the performer.

Ravel - Jeux d'eau, Martha Argerich,

Raul Midon - State Of Mind @ Jools Holland

Ornette Coleman (1930 - ) is an American saxophonist, violinist, trumpeter, and composer. He was one of the major innovators of the free jazz movement of the 1960s.

His album Sound Grammar received the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for music.

ELECTRONIC MUSIC:

BEN NEILL
Outlands
Vimeo
http://www.benneill.com