Chapter:
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13
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C
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A R C H I T E C T U R E
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STRUCTURE
Post-and-lintel, arch, cantilever, bearing-wall, and
skeleton frame.
POST-&-LINTEL
The Parthenon
Athens 432 BCE
England 1800-1400 BCE
COLUMNS
ARCH
Stone has very
good compressive strength, but it lacks tensile strength; it
cracks easily when spanning too great a distance. The arch
allows you to span a greater distance because it distributes
stress from the center keystone outward and downward.
TYPES OF ARCHES
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Round Arch |
Lancet
Pointed Arch |
Horseshoe |
Tudor Arch |
The round arch is less
efficient. It distributes stress more to the side, and
requires that the sides be supported by buttresses. The
pointed arch directs more stress downward.
BUTTRESS
A buttress is a
support the prevents a wall from buckling under the stress.
Arches, especially round arches, place a great deal of
stress on the outer walls.
ARCADE:
A row of arches
- side by side.
TUNNEL VAULT
The tunnel vault, Also called
barrel vault, is a row of connected arches back to back.
This diagram of a pointed
barrel vault shows the direction of the lateral forces.
GROIN VAULT
A groin vault consists of two
tunnel vaults intersecting at right angles. See page 92.
RIB VAULT
The intersection of a groin
vault.
DOME
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The dome of St.
Peter's Basilica in Rome crowned by a cupola.
Designed by Michelangelo, the dome was not completed
until 1590.
A dome consists of
arches joined at the top.
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The Pantheon, Rome
Giovanni Paolo Pannini or Panini (1691 – 1765)
The coffers for the
Pantheon's concrete dome were poured
in molds to lighten the load. The oculus admits light in the
center. See page 94.
learn more
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PENDENTIVE
Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) 537 A.D.
Istanbul, Turkey - Pendentive and Dome. The epitome of
Byzantine architecture, it was the largest
place of worship in
the world - for nearly a thousand years until the completion
of the
Seville Cathedral in 1520.
A pendentive allows a
circular dome to be placed over a square room - or an
elliptical dome over a rectangular room. Pendentives are
triangular segments of a sphere. They taper to points at the
bottom, and spread at the top. The pendentives receive
the weight of the dome, and concentrate it at the four
corners where it can be received by the piers beneath.
CANTILEVER
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The cantilevered floor of
Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater House jets out, and
overhangs. Cantilever construction allows for overhanging
structures without external bracing.
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Ministry of Transportation in Tbilisi
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The wings of this B-25 Bomber
are cantilevered. |
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LOAD-BEARING WALL
Walls that support floors and roofs are called load-bearing
walls or bearing walls.
SKELETON FRAME
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The building is supported by
a frame work, and the external walls serve as a skin. When
the frame is constructed out of metal, we call it steel-cage construction.
When the skeleton is made of
wood, as in a house, we call this balloon construction. |
BUILDING MATERIALS
STONE
Masonry is stone, brick,
concrete block, glass block, or tile joined with mortar. As
I said earlier, stone
has great compressive strength, but it lacks tensile
strength. It cracks easily when supported only by the sides
- as in post-and-lintel construction
TYPES OF STONE
There are three
types of rock: sedimentary, Metamorphic, and igneous.
Sedimentary
rock is formed by minerals and organic material (sediment)
in bodies of water. It carves easily, but doesn't last
long. Examples are: limestone, chalk, and sandstone.
Metamorphic
rock is previous rock (protolith) that is exposed to heat
and pressure. Examples are slate and marble. Marble also
carves well, and lasts a long time.
Igneous rock is
formed by molten rock (magma). There are over 700 types.
Intrusive is below the Earth's surface. Extrusive is on the
surface. Granite is an example of this type of rock. It's
hard, and lasts a long time, but it doesn't carve well.
Antelope Canyon - Arizona
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock.
CONCRETE
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Concrete, like stone, has
strong compression strength, but it's weak in tensile
strength. The cement holding the aggregate in place easily
cracks.
Reinforced concrete has metal reinforcing rods or wires
(Rebar), glass fibers,
or plastic fibers pored into the concrete.
This gives it
the compressive strength of concrete - and the tensile
strength of the reinforced material.
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WOOD
STEEL
Steel is an alloy of iron and usually carbon (2%), but other
alloys like tungsten, manganese, and chromium can be
used. Carbon hardens the steel. Increasing the carbon
content will
result in steel that is harder and more brittle.
SCALE (p112)
Skyscrapers were made possible by steel, welding, and the
invention of the elevator.
World's Tallest Buildings
SYMMETRY AND REPETITION
(p102 / 98)
ASYMMETRIC ARCHITECTURE
CONTEXT
FALLINGWATER
-
Frank Lloyd Wright's
John Wesley Kamas
Whitman
Trendir
SPACE
Leonardo Glass Cube by 3deluxe
SENSE
STIMULI
Luis Barragan
(1902-1988)
STYLE
Tadao Ando,
Japan
Gordon Bunshaft
(1909-1990)
Norman Foster
Oscar Niemeyer,
Brazil
Renzo Piano
Jorn Utzon
Richard Rogers
DYNAMIC DESIGN
Frank Gehry
OF INTEREST
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Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Designed by Maya Lin.
|
Pritzker Architecture Prize
http://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates/year.html
Links:
1
CONTAINER HOLMES
Shipping Container
Dimensions
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Exterior |
Internal |
Door Openings
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|
Length |
Width |
Height |
Length |
Width |
Height |
Width |
Height |
|
20ft |
19'10" |
8' |
8'6" |
19'4" |
7'8" |
7'10" |
7'6" |
7'8" |
|
40ft |
40' |
8' |
8'6" |
39'6" |
7'8" |
7'10" |
7'6" |
7'8" |
|
40ft HC |
40' |
8' |
9'6" |
39'6" |
7'8" |
8'10" |
7'6" |
8'8" |
|
45ft HC |
45' |
8' |
9'6" |
44'5" |
7'8" |
8'10" |
7'6" |
8'8" |
|
20ft. Rfr
|
19'10" |
8' |
8'6" |
17'10" |
7'6" |
7'5" |
7'5" |
7'4" |
|
40ft. Rfr |
40' |
8' |
8'6" |
37'11" |
7'6" |
7'5" |
7'5" |
7'4" |
|
40ft HCRfr |
40' |
8' |
9'6" |
37'11" |
7'6" |
8'5" |
7'5" |
8'4" |
WORLD
ARCHITECTURE:
THE ADOBE OF
Djenné
ARCHITECTURE OF ISLAM
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
EARLY MEDIEVAL AND ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF AFRICA
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE
ROCOCO
NEOCLASSICISM
ARCHITECTURE OF THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
