Elements of Art  |  Principles of Art  |   Definitions
 

2 - D   A R T

 

MEDIA

DRAWING

DRY MEDIA

Graphite:

Charcoal:

Charcoal is produced by heating wood in the absence of oxygen. The final result is up to 98% carbon.

Charcoal can be smudged with your fingers - to achieve a sense of volume and three-dimensionality (chiaroscuro - Italian for light-dark). A resin is sprayed over the drawing to fix the image.
 

Amaya Salazar - Unscathed Earth - charcoal on Paper
Dominican Republic

Robert Longo – Charcoal Drawings

Chalk:

Chalk is a sedimentary rock that is formed underwater. It's composed of calcium carbonate. 

It can also be smudged with your fingers - to achieve chiaroscuro.

Julian Beever
 

Gaetano Gandolfi (1734–1802) Italian Baroque painter.
Cain and Abel - chalk on paper

Gaetano Gandolfi Seated Male Nude - chalk on paper

Gaetano Gandolfi (1734 - 1802) was an Italian painter of the late Baroque and early Neoclassic period.

Pastel:

Pastels consist of powdered pigments in a binder. These pigments are the same that are used in other art media. Their colors are vibrant, and their name is also used to describe the type of colors that pastels produce.

Pastels can also be smudge and worked with the fingers, but they require no spray fixative.

Mary Cassatt - Sleepy Baby 1910

Edgar Degas - Ballet Dancers in the Wings

Jean Etienne Liotard (1702 at Geneva – 1789 in Geneva)  Swiss-French painter - Portrait of a Young Woman

WET MEDIA

Pen and Ink:

Different intensities can be created by diluting the ink.

Amedeo Modigliani - Ritratto di Donna Rossa
Pen and Ink

Michelangelo

Wash and Brush:

Ink is diluted with water, and washed onto paper with a brush.

Waterfall and Monkeys by Shibata Zeshin, 1872

Nukina Sūō - Old Pine Tree

MEDIA

PAINTING

Watercolor:

Watercolor paint is fast drying, transparent, and is diluted with water.
 

Albrect Durer - A Young Hare, 1502 - watercolor

Van Goh 1883

Acrylic:

The pigments of acrylic paint are suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion. The paint is water soluble, and when diluting, the media is like watercolors. 

The paint is inferior because it's fast drying. Recent advancements have made this media as durable as oil paint. 



Oil Paint:

The pigments of oil paint are suspended in linseed oil. It can be diluted with linseed oil, turpentine, or varnish; varnish creates a glossy finish. Technically the oil never fully dries.

Oil is slow to dry, so the artist has ample time to work the paint, or wipe the paint off the canvass. Intense details, shading, and chiaroscuro can be created with this paint. Photo realism became possible with the invention of this media.

Landscape by CHEN Chengpo - 1933

Note: Chinese oil painting is not a common practice.

Photorealism

Fresco:

In buon fresco pigments are mixed with water, and applied on wet lime mortar. The plaster serves as a binder. Because the plaster dries fast, this technique is done in sections. Colors are limited, because some pigments don't react well with lime.

Secco frescos are painted on dry plaster, so the pigments require a binder. Egg tempera was the most common paint used. Secco work is often done on top of a buon fresco to: give the work more detail, add a color unavailable with buon fresco (blue for example), and to correct mistakes. Unfortunately secco frescos don't last as long.

Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel - Before
This fresco used a combination of Secco over buon.

Franz Marc - Red and Blue Horses, 1912, tempera on paper

Printing

Relief Etching:
 

See the diagram on p45

In relief etching groves are cut into a plate or wood block (matrix). Ink is applied to the surface, and paper is pressed onto the surface. The ink on the raised areas transfers onto the paper. The cut out areas become the negative space.

Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji
Woodblock
 Katsushika Hokusai (1760–1849) - Japan

 

№	Image	English title	Japanese title
1		The Great Wave off Kanagawa	神奈川沖浪裏 Kanagawa oki nami-ura
2		South Wind, Clear Sky (also known as Red Fuji)	凱風快晴 Gaifū kaisei
3		Rainstorm Beneath the Summit	山下白雨 Sanka hakū
4		Under Mannen Bridge at Fukagawa	深川万年橋下 Fukagawa Mannen-bashi shita
5		Sundai, Edo	東都駿台 Tōto sundai
6		The Blue Mountain and Circle of Pine Trees	青山円座松 Aoyama enza-no-matsu
7		Senju, Musashi Province	武州千住 Bushū Senju
8		Inume Pass, Kōshū	甲州犬目峠 Kōshū inume-tōge
9		Fuji View Field in Owari Province	尾州不二見原 Bishū Fujimigahara
10		Ejiri in the Suruga Province	駿州江尻 Sunshū Ejiri
11		A sketch of the Mitsui shop in Suruga in Edo	江都駿河町三井見世略図 Kōto Suruga-cho Mitsui Miseryakuzu
12		Sunset across the Ryōgoku bridge from the bank of the Sumida River at Onmayagashi	御厩川岸より両国橋夕陽見 Ommayagashi yori ryōgoku-bashi yūhi mi
13		Sazai hall - Temple of Five Hundred Rakan	五百らかん寺さざゐどう Gohyaku-rakanji Sazaidō
14		Tea house at Koishikawa. The morning after a snowfall	礫川雪の旦 Koishikawa yuki no ashita
15		Below Meguro	下目黒 Shimo-Meguro
16		Watermill at Onden	隠田の水車 Onden no suisha
17		Enoshima in Sagami Province	相州江の島 Soshū Enoshima
18		Shore of Tago Bay, Ejiri at Tōkaidō	東海道江尻田子の浦略図 Tōkaidō Ejiri tago-no-ura
19		Yoshida at Tōkaidō	東海道吉田 Tōkaidō Yoshida
20		The Kazusa Province sea route	上総の海路 Kazusa no kairo
21		Nihonbashi bridge in Edo	江戸日本橋 Edo Nihon-bashi
22		Barrier Town on the Sumida River	隅田川関屋の里 Sumidagawa Sekiya no sato
23		Bay of Noboto	登戸浦 Noboto-ura
24		The lake of Hakone in Sagami Province	相州箱根湖水 Sōshū Hakone kosui
25		Mount Fuji reflects in Lake Kawaguchi, seen from the Misaka Pass in Kai Province	甲州三坂水面 Kōshū Misaka suimen
26		Hodogaya on the Tōkaidō	東海道保ケ谷 Tōkaidō Hodogaya
27		Tama River in Musashi Province	武州玉川 Bushū Tamagawa
28		Asakusa Hongan-ji temple in the Eastern capital [Edo]	東都浅草本願寺 Tōto Asakusa honganji
29		Tsukuda Island in Musashi Province	武陽佃島 Buyō Tsukuda-jima
30		Shichiri beach in Sagami Province	相州七里浜 Soshū Shichiri-ga-hama
31		Umegawa in Sagami Province	相州梅沢庄 Soshū umezawanoshō
32		Kajikazawa in Kai Province	甲州石班沢 Kōshū Kajikazawa
33		Mishima Pass in Kai Province	甲州三嶌越 Kōshū Mishima-goe
34		Mount Fuji from the mountains of Tōtōmi	遠江山中 Tōtōmi sanchū
35		Lake Suwa in Shinano Province	信州諏訪湖 Shinshū Suwa-ko
36		Ushibori in Hitachi Province	常州牛掘 Jōshū Ushibori

Additional 10
 

№	Image	English title	Japanese title
1		Goten-yama-hill, Shinagawa on the Tōkaidō	東海道品川御殿山の不二 Tōkaidō Shinagawa Goten'yama no Fuji
2		Honjo Tatekawa, the timberyard at Honjo	本所立川 Honjo Tatekawa
3		Pleasure District at Senju	従千住花街眺望の不二 Senju Hana-machi Yori Chōbō no Fuji
4		Nakahara in Sagami Province	相州仲原 Sōshū Nakahara
5		Ōno Shinden in the Suruga Province	駿州大野新田 Sunshū Ōno-shinden
6		Climbing on Fuji	諸人登山 Shojin tozan
7		The Tea plantation of Katakura in Suruga Province	駿州片倉茶園の不二 Sunshū Katakura chaen no Fuji
8		The Fuji from Kanaya on the Tōkaidō	東海道金谷の不二 Tōkaidō Kanaya no Fuji
9		Dawn at Isawa in Kai Province	甲州伊沢暁 Kōshū Isawa no Akatsuki
10		The back of Fuji from the Minobu river	身延川裏不二 Minobu-gawa ura Fuji

Intaglio:

Intaglio printing is the opposite. The plate is inked, and the surface is wiped clean, so ink remains in the etched groves. Dampened paper is pressed onto the plate under great pressure - to force the paper into the groves. The ink in the groves transfers onto the paper.

This process can be done by cutting groves into the plate, or a resin can be applied to the matrix. Paper is placed on top of the matrix, and a drawing is done. Where the artist has drawn, the resin transfers onto the paper - leaving the metal plate exposed. The plate is soaked in acid, and these exposed areas are etched.

The Book of Urizen by William Blake, 1818 Relief Etching

Planographic Printing:

The artist paints ink onto a flat unetched metal plate. Paper is pressed onto the plate. This creates a single onetime print.

 

Lithography:

Lithography is a planographic processes of printing  that uses a limestone matrix. The name comes from litho for stone - and graph to draw. The artist draws onto the stone with grease. Water is pored on the stone, and it's absorbed where there is no grease. An oil-based ink is applied to the surface. It's repelled by the water, and sticks to the grease.

Lithographs produce tiny dots of color, and trick the eye into seeing continuous tones.

Giclée Printing:

The word giclée (zhee-clay) is derived from the French word "gicler" to spray. Giclée is a process of sprayed ink. The resolution is far greater because when the ink is sprayed onto paper or canvass, and the colors blend together creating continuous tones.

Collage

PHOTOGRAPHY

                     Ami Vitale:

CAMERALESS PHOTOGRAPHY - P52/50

Assignment: Create your own photogram by placing objects on a scanner. Scan and print your work, and share it with the class.

Cyanotype Impressions
 

Anna Atkins (1799 – 1871) was an English botanist, photographer, and the first person to publish a book illustrated exclusively with photographic images.

Sir John Herschel, a friend of Atkins and her father, invented the cyanotype photographic process in 1842. Anna applied the process to solve the difficulties of making accurate drawings of scientific specimens. She self-published the first photographic book - British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions. Only about twelve copies of the book were made, one of which is held in the National Media Museum in Bradford, England. She continued to publish other installments of the British Algae series, and also to make other books like Cyanotypes of British and Foreign Flowering Plants and Ferns (1854.
 

View Anna Atkins

Documentary Photography:

TANK MAN

Photo by Jeff Widener (Associated Press), June 5, 1989.

TANK MAN VIDEO
 

The image is one of the most famous symbols of the 20th century. An anonymous man stopped a column of tanks in Beijing after the Chinese military forcibly removed protestors from Tiananmen Square the day before.

 P H O T O G R A P H S

Destitute Man	3c29107v.jpg	8b33132r.jpg
Candidate For Congress	Migrants	1936
Japanese American Grocer	Japanese American Children	Japanese Americans
1938	Migratory Worker	Lange
Lighthearted Kids	Migrant Mother	Oklahoma Children
Farming	Young Migratory Mother	Waiting for Relief
		Stock Photos
.
Pulitzer Prizewinning Photography Breaking News Photography 2000-present Photography 1942-1967 Spot News Photography 1968-1999

ELEMENTS OF ART

VIEW STUDENT WORK

LINE IN FINE ARTS PPT

Notes:

Line quality

Line separate from the painting. (Faux marble, Picasso skull)

PRINCIPLES OF ART

Principles of Art p61

Tom Shannon

The painter and the pendulum

Francis Bacon:
A Requiem
Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion

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