J O H N   C H I A P P O N E

.
L I T E R A T U R E
Victor Borge on Phonetic Punctuation
 

 

Toni Morrison's Bluest Eye
From the Dick and Jane Reader

  What is Toni Morrison trying to say?

 


PRESENTATIONS:

PowerPoint Presentation

PREZI


EXAMPLES OF SYMBOLISM:  

Rocks – Jean-Paul Sartre used the symbol of rocks to represent people who fail to act and define themselves.

Crucifixion – One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Dead Man Walking used crucifixion to represent suffering and Christianity.

Roses – They represent purity and love because they sprang from the blood of Adonis who loved Aphrodite. A great example is
American Beauty.

Lawnmower – Used in Lawnmower Man, and Sling Blade. What could a lawnmower represent?

Weeds – A great example is Perre Shelton’s poem Dandelion. What do dandelions and weeds represent?

Train - Runaway Train / Harold and Maude – What does a train or disconnected boxcar represent?
 

Collaborate:

Give examples of symbolism.
Each group member needs to contribute at least one.
 


FOUR TYPES OF LITERATURE: 

  1. Fiction

  2. Nonfiction

  3. Drama

  4. Poetry


FICTION: (nonfactual / imaginative)

Two Types:           

  1. Realistic (verisimilitude)

  2. Nonrealistic (fantasy)


Two Categories:

  1. Novel – A long work with many characters.

  2. Short Story

 
NOVEL:

TYPES OF SUBJECT MATTER:

1. Sociological-panoramic: covers many years and settings.

2. Dramatic-intimate: covers a restricted time and setting. 


TYPES OF NOVELS:

1. Epistolary – told through letters (The Color Purple)

2. Gothic – medieval mystery and terror (Fiction)

3. Historical – realistic epoch.

4. Manners – Social customs (Pride and Prejudice)

5. Picaresque – adventures of a traveler (Yhomas Nash – The Unfortunate Traveler)

6. Psychological – emphases is on the characters motives and inner-world that triggers events. Events also trigger the inner world. This raises the question: do we have free will, or are all our actions predetermined. (Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace)

7. Sentimental – exaggerated emotional focus (Samuel Richardson – Pamela)  

 

SHORT STORIES:

Usually a single scene with few characters that are underdeveloped. Fables and folklores are examples. In a fable the characters are animals, and there is a moral to the story. (Aesop’s Fables)


NONFICTION: (factual)

TYPES:

1. Biography – about a person’s life.

2. Hagiogrphy – a biography about a religious person

3. Essay – Nonfiction Informal - brief, conversational, loose structure. Formal – longer, structured, impersonal subject, less emphasis on author’s personality.

4. Speech


TECHNICAL DEVICES  

Point of View – the perspective from which the story is told.  

Three Types:

1. First Person Singular – told from a character’s point of view

2. Third Person - has two types:
    a. Singular – from a character that isn’t in the story.
    b. Omniscient – from all the characters’ perspective or no characters’ perspective.   


TONE:

How something is said changes the meaning.

 

P O E T R Y

Peter Gabriel - Mercy Street - Live in Milan 2003

Anne Sexton (1928 - 1974)
video  |  45 Mercy Street | poems | life

 

 

 

William Shakespeare

 SOME TYPES OF POETRY
 

LYRIC

A short poem that is sung.
Again - John Legend (Def Poetry)


HAIKU
A Japanese poem written in three lines. 

Five Syllables

Seven Syllables

Five Syllables
 

Does this poem have the right number of syllables per line? Here is a tip; try clapping.

A still water pond.

A rock that sits by the brook.

No ripples, no mind.

):(

John Chiappone

  

Collaborate:

Write a Heiku.

 

 

NARRATIVE POEMS

Poems that tell a story.

 

CONCRETE POEMS

Concrete poems arrange their words to create a picture of the subject of the poem (example). 

FREE VERSE POETRY – Modern poetry that is free form like Jazz. It has no ridged structure, doesn't necessarily rhyme, sounds conversational, and improvisational.


IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

POET - the author of a poem.

SPEAKER - the “narrator” of a poem.

IMAGERY - Reading can cause sense perceptions like sights, sounds, tastes, tactile sensations, and smells.

METAPHOR - A direct comparison of two unlike things:

Juliet is the Sun, and I am the moon.

SIMILE - A comparison of two things using “like, as, or resembles.” For example: Juliet is like the Sun, and I resemble the moon. She’s like a maze where all the walls continually change. – Daughters by John Mayer

Collaborate:

Metaphor & Simile Writing Exercise

 

Free write

 

ONOMATOPOEIA - Words that imitate the sounds they describe.

Roy Lichtenstein Whaam

Examples: Buzz , oink, meow, roar, rip, zip, and zap.
 

HYPERBOLE - It is a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. Hyperbole is used to create emphasis, but it is rarely meant to be taken literally. 

Examples:

    * These books weigh a ton. (The books are heavy.)

    * The path went on forever. (The path was really long.)

    * He jumped a mile. (He jumped very high.)

    * I'm doing a million things right now. (I'm busy.)

    * I'm so hungry I could eat a horse. (I'm very hungry)

 

PERSONIFICATION - Giving anthropomorphic (human) qualities to an animal or inanimate object.

Examples:

"Arise fair sun, and kill the envious moon." - Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare


FORM - the appearance of the words on the page

LINE -  a line of the poem

STANZA - a paragraph or group of lines

Line:

As I was sitting in my chair,

end rhyme

Stanza

Line:

I knew the bottom wasn't there,

Line:

Nor legs nor back, but I just sat,

 end rhyme

Line:

Ignoring little things like that.

 
TYPES OF STANZA: 

Couplet            -           2 lines

Triplet              -           3 lines

Quatrain           -           4 lines

Quintet             -           5 lines

Sestet               -           6 lines

Septet              -           7 lines

Octave             -           8 lines

 

STRUCTURE - Lines with the same: number of words, syllables, accents, rhyme etc.  

SOUND STRUCTURE:

          Four Types:

1.  Rhyme – words that sound alike.

2.  Alliteration – repeating an initial sound: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

3.  Assonance – uses similar vowels: In Xanadu did Kubla Khan - by Coleridge
Mad as a Hatter

4.  Consonance – repeated consonants: Susan’s Mississippi Sightseeing.


RHYTHM - The beat of a poem. Meter, rhyme, assonance, consonance, alliteration, and refrain contribute to a poem’s rhythm.

FOOT – a pattern of stressed (strong) and unstressed (weak) syllables.  


TYPES OF FEET:

Trochaic   -    stressed, unstressed

Dactylic    -    stressed, unstressed, unstressed

Iambic      -    unstressed, stressed

Anapestic -    unstressed, unstressed, stressed

 

METER - A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables on a line.

 

TYPES OF METER:

Monometer        -           1 foot per line

Dimeter             -           2 feet

Trimeter            -           3 feet

Tetrameter        -           4 feet

Pentameter       -           5 feet

Hexameter        -           6 feet

Heptameter       -           7 feet

Octometer         -           8 feet

 

RHYME - Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowels and consonants.

FLOWER

TOWER

END RHYME - words at the end of lines that rhyme.
 

Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer's Day?

by William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Sonnet #18

 

"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer's lease hath all too short a date".

 - William Shakespeare

 

INTERNAL RHYME - Words that rhyme inside a line.

The Raven
by
Edgar Allan Poe (1809 – 1849)
 
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,
         While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
"'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door -

Only this, and nothing more."


 RHYME SCHEME - a pattern of rhymes:

Robert Herrick
To Anthea, who may Command him Anything

Bid me to weep, and I will weep

A

While I have eyes to see;

B

And having none, and yet I will keep

A

A heart to weep for thee.

B

 

My Mistress' Eyes are nothing like the Sun.
By William Shakespeare

Sonnet 130

 


My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;

Coral is far more red than her lip's red;

If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun,

If hair be wires, black wires grow on her head.

I have seen roses damasked, red and white,

But no such roses see I in her cheeks;

In some perfumes there is more delight


a

b

a

b

c

d

c

 

 

10 syllables

strong, weak, strong


Than the breath with which my mistress reeks.

I love to hear her speak, yet well I know,

Music hath a far more pleasing sound;

I grant I never saw a goddess go;

My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground.

And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare

As any she belied with false compare.

 


d

e

f

e

f

g

g

 

 

 ASSONANCE - The repetition of vowels.

Examples of Assonance:

- Hear the mellow wedding bells. — Edgar Allan Poe, "The Bells"

- That solitude which suits abstruser musings - Samuel Coleridge

- On a proud round cloud in a white high night - E. E. Cummings, if a Cheer Rules Elephant Angel Child Should

 

CONSONANCE - The repetition of the same consonants. For example: "all mammals named Sam are clammy".

 
ALLITERATION - Alliteration is a special case of consonance where the repeated consonant sound is at the beginning of each word, as in: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

 
REFRAIN - A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly. Here are some examples:

Nothing in this world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not: nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not: the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent.

- Calvin Coolidge (the 30th President of the United States)


Yes, we can. Yes, we can change. Yes, we can. … And where we are met with cynicism and doubt and fear and those who tell us that we can't, we will respond with that timeless creed that sums up the spirit of the American people in three simple words - yes, we can.

- President Obama’s speech: 'Yes, We Can Change'


 

POETRY APPRECIATION


 


 

Pablo Neruda

Rafael Casal - Monster (WARNING - This poem has foul language.)

Def Poetry Jam - Alicia Keys - P O W

Jill Scott - Love Rain

Again - John Legend (Def Poetry)

Maya Angelou - And Still I Rise

St. Crispen by William Shakespeare - Renaissance Man
 



SUGGESTED LITERATURE:

 
   - Fiction

   - Non-Fiction

   - Poetry

   - History

   - Biography

   - Drama

 

ONLINE BOOKS

 - Tanglewood Tales - Nathaniel Hawthorne.

- Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (406)

- History of the United States by Charles A. Beard and Mary Ritter Beard (384)

- Our Day by William Ambrose Spicer (347)

- The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain (345)

- Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (280)

- Ulysses by James Joyce (270)

- Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome by E.M. Berens (269)

- The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (251)

- The Beginner's American History by D. H. Montgomery (249)

- The Iliad by Homer (228)

- The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci — Complete by Leonardo da Vinci (217)

- Dracula by Bram Stoker (200)

- The Art of War by 6th cent. B.C. Sunzi (176)

- The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli (169)

- Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (167)

- Grimm's Fairy Tales by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm (162)

- The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas père (156)

- Great Expectations by Charles Dickens (155)

- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain (153)

- Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka (152)


- The World's Best Poetry, Volume 3 by Various (146)

- Music Notation and Terminology by Karl Wilson Gehrkens (146)

- The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot (146)

- The Mafulu by Robert Wood Williamson (144)

- The Child's Day by Woods Hutchinson (143)

- Keats: Poems Published in 1820 by John Keats (140)

- Les Misérables by Victor Hugo (134)

- The Communist Manifesto by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx (129)

- A Text-Book of the History of Painting by John Charles Van Dyke (128)

- Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens (123)

- War and Peace by graf Leo Tolstoy (120)

- Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen (116)

- A Text-Book of the History of Architecture by A. D. F. Hamlin (115)

- Walden by Henry David Thoreau (115)

- A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens (114)

- Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë (113)

- A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens (111)

- On the origin of species by Charles Darwin (104)

- The Marvelous Land Of Oz by L. Frank Baum (97)

- The Ten Books on Architecture by Vitruvius Pollio (96)

- Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin Franklin (90)

- The Road to Oz by L. Frank Baum (89)

- A Smaller History of Rome by Eugene Lawrence and Sir William Smith (89)

- A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens (87)

- The Adventures of a Squirrel, Supposed to be Related by Himself by Anonymous

- Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc — Volume 01 by Mark Twain (84)
 

 

LECTURES

Iris Murdoch on Philosophy and Literature: Section 1

Iris Murdoch on Philosophy and Literature: Section 2

Iris Murdoch on Philosophy and Literature: Section 3

Iris Murdoch on Philosophy and Literature: Section 4

Iris Murdoch on Philosophy and Literature: Section 5

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